VB中使用WMI获取系统硬件和软件有关信息

WMI，全称 Windows Management Instrumentation，说白了就是 Windows 系统里一个强大的管理接口。它的核心能力在于：既能访问本地计算机的各种信息和服务，只要权限到位，还能远程管理其他机器——比如远程重启、关机、终止或启动进程等等，相当实用。

需要注意的是，本文的演示代码基于 VBScript 语法，但核心逻辑在 VB 中同样适用。

先看看微软官方对 WMI 的定位，这里不展开讲理论，直接上干货。

以下是几个具体实例：

在 VB 中使用 WMI，第一步需要先引用库：工程 → 引用 → 勾选“Microsoft WMI Scripting V1.1 Library”。

下面依次给出获取显卡、声卡、内存和操作系统信息的代码示例。

声卡信息

Private Sub wmiSoundDeviceInfo()

Dim wmiObjSet As SWbemObjectSet
Dim obj As SWbemObject

Set wmiObjSet = GetObject(winmgmts:{impersonationLevel=impersonate}). _
InstancesOf(Win32_SoundDevice)
On Local Error Resume Next

For Each obj In wmiObjSet
MsgBox obj.ProductName
Next
End Sub

显卡信息

Private Sub wmiVideoControllerInfo()

Dim wmiObjSet As SWbemObjectSet
Dim obj As SWbemObject

Set wmiObjSet = GetObject(winmgmts:{impersonationLevel=impersonate}). _
InstancesOf(Win32_VideoController)

On Local Error Resume Next

For Each obj In wmiObjSet
MsgBox obj.VideoProcessor
Next
End Sub

内存信息

Private Sub wmiPhysicalMemoryInfo()

Dim wmiObjSet As SWbemObjectSet
Dim obj As SWbemObject

Set wmiObjSet = GetObject(winmgmts:{impersonationLevel=impersonate}). _
InstancesOf(Win32_PhysicalMemory)

On Local Error Resume Next

For Each objItem In wmiObjSet
Debug.Print BankLabel: ＆ objItem.BankLabel
Debug.Print Capacity: ＆ objItem.Capacity
Debug.Print Caption: ＆ objItem.Caption
Debug.Print CreationClassName: ＆ objItem.CreationClassName
Debug.Print DataWidth: ＆ objItem.DataWidth
Debug.Print Description: ＆ objItem.Description
Debug.Print DeviceLocator: ＆ objItem.DeviceLocator
Debug.Print FormFactor: ＆ objItem.FormFactor
Debug.Print HotSwappable: ＆ objItem.HotSwappable
Debug.Print InstallDate: ＆ objItem.InstallDate
Debug.Print Interlea veDataDepth: ＆ objItem.Interlea veDataDepth
Debug.Print Interlea vePosition: ＆ objItem.Interlea vePosition
Debug.Print Manufacturer: ＆ objItem.Manufacturer
Debug.Print MemoryType: ＆ objItem.MemoryType
Debug.Print Model: ＆ objItem.Model
Debug.Print Name: ＆ objItem.name
Debug.Print OtherIdentifyingInfo: ＆ objItem.OtherIdentifyingInfo
Debug.Print PartNumber: ＆ objItem.PartNumber
Debug.Print PositionInRow: ＆ objItem.PositionInRow
Debug.Print PoweredOn: ＆ objItem.PoweredOn
Debug.Print Removable: ＆ objItem.Removable
Debug.Print Replaceable: ＆ objItem.Replaceable
Debug.Print SerialNumber: ＆ objItem.SerialNumber
Debug.Print SKU: ＆ objItem.SKU
Debug.Print Speed: ＆ objItem.Speed
Debug.Print Status: ＆ objItem.Status
Debug.Print Tag: ＆ objItem.Tag
Debug.Print TotalWidth: ＆ objItem.TotalWidth
Debug.Print TypeDetail: ＆ objItem.TypeDetail
Debug.Print Version: ＆ objItem.Version
Next
End Sub

操作系统信息

Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim wmiObjSet As SWbemObjectSet
Dim obj As SWbemObject
Dim msg As String
Dim dtb As String
Dim d As String
Dim t As String
Dim bias As Long
On Local Error Resume Next
Set wmiObjSet = GetObject(winmgmts:{impersonationLevel=impersonate}).InstancesOf(Win32_OperatingSystem)
For Each obj In wmiObjSet
MsgBox 你当前使用的系统是 ＆ obj.Caption
Next
End Sub

从上面这些例子不难看出一个规律：WMI 对信息的提取几乎都遵循“Win32_类库名”这样的命名模式。不同的硬件或软件信息，对应着不同的 Win32_ 类。下面这份表格整理了微软操作系统中常用的硬件类。

更完整的 WMI 类信息，可以参考微软官方文档：

http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/wmisdk/wmi/accessing_hardware_and_software_through_wmi.asp

该页面也附带了不少示例代码。

常用 Win32_ 类表

Win32 Classes
Microsoft® Windows® classes give you the means to manipulate a variety of objects. The following table identifies the categories of Windows classes.

Category Description
Computer system hardware Classes that represent hardware related objects.
Operating system Classes that represent operating system related objects.
Installed applications Classes that represent software related objects.
WMI service management Classes used to manage WMI.
Performance counters Classes that represent formatted and raw performance data.

硬件类
Computer System Hardware Classes
The Cooling Devices subcategory groups classes that represent instrumentable fans, temperature probes, and refrigeration devices.

Class Description
Win32_Fan Represents the properties of a fan device in the computer system.
Win32_HeatPipe Represents the properties of a heat pipe cooling device.
Win32_Refrigeration Represents the properties of a refrigeration device.
Win32_TemperatureProbe Represents the properties of a temperature sensor (electronic thermometer).

Input Device Classes

The Input Devices subcategory groups classes that represent keyboards and pointing devices.

Class Description
Win32_Keyboard Represents a keyboard installed on a Windows system.
Win32_PointingDevice Represents an input device used to point to and select regions on the display of a Windows computer system.

Mass Storage Classes

Classes in the Mass Storage subcategory represent storage devices such as hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives, and tape drives.

Class Description
Win32_AutochkSetting Represents the settings for the autocheck operation of a disk.
Win32_CDROMDrive Represents a CD-ROM drive on a Windows computer system.
Win32_DiskDrive Represents a physical disk drive as seen by a computer running the Windows operating system.
Win32_FloppyDrive Manages the capabilities of a floppy disk drive.
Win32_PhysicalMedia Represents any type of documentation or storage medium.
Win32_Ta peDrive Represents a tape drive on a Windows computer.

Motherboard, Controller, and Port Classes

The Motherboard, Controllers, and Ports subcategory groups classes that represent system devices. Examples include system memory, cache memory, and controllers.

Class Description
Win32_1394Controller Represents the capabilities and management of a 1394 controller.
Win32_1394ControllerDevice Relates the high-speed serial bus (IEEE 1394 Firewire) Controller and the CIM_LogicalDevice instance connected to it.
Win32_AllocatedResource Relates a logical device to a system resource.
Win32_AssociatedProcessorMemory Relates a processor and its cache memory.
Win32_BaseBoard Represents a baseboard (also known as a motherboard or system board).
Win32_BIOS Represents the attributes of the computer system's basic input/output services (BIOS) that are installed on the computer.
Win32_Bus Represents a physical bus as seen by a Windows operating system.
Win32_CacheMemory Represents cache memory (internal and external) on a computer system.
Win32_ControllerHasHub Represents the hubs downstream from the universal serial bus (USB) controller.
Win32_DeviceBus Relates a system bus and a logical device using the bus.
Win32_DeviceMemoryAddress Represents a device memory address on a Windows system.
Win32_DeviceSettings Relates a logical device and a setting that can be applied to it.
Win32_DMAChannel Represents a direct memory access (DMA) channel on a Windows computer system.
Win32_FloppyController Represents the capabilities and management capacity of a floppy disk drive controller.
Win32_IDEController Represents the capabilities of an Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) controller device.
Win32_IDEControllerDevice Association class that relates an IDE controller and the logical device.
Win32_InfraredDevice Represents the capabilities and management of an infrared device.
Win32_IRQResource Represents an interrupt request line (IRQ) number on a Windows computer system.
Win32_MemoryArray Represents the properties of the computer system memory array and mapped addresses.
Win32_MemoryArrayLocation Relates a logical memory array and the physical memory array upon which it exists.
Win32_MemoryDevice Represents the properties of a computer system's memory device along with it's associated mapped addresses.
Win32_MemoryDeviceArray Relates a memory device and the memory array in which it resides.
Win32_MemoryDeviceLocation Association class that relates a memory device and the physical memory on which it exists.
Win32_MotherboardDevice Represents a device that contains the central components of the Windows computer system.
Win32_OnBoardDevice Represents common adapter devices built into the motherboard (system board).
Win32_ParallelPort Represents the properties of a parallel port on a Windows computer system.
Win32_PCMCIAController Manages the capabilities of a Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Adapter (PCMCIA) controller device.
Win32_PhysicalMemory Represents a physical memory device located on a computer as a vailable to the operating system.
Win32_PhysicalMemoryArray Represents details about the computer system's physical memory.
Win32_PhysicalMemoryLocation Relates an array of physical memory and its physical memory.
Win32_PNPAllocatedResource Represents an association between logical devices and system resources.
Win32_PNPDevice Relates a device (known to Configuration Manager as a PNPEntity), and the function it performs.
Win32_PNPEntity Represents the properties of a Plug and Play device.
Win32_PortConnector Represents physical connection ports, such as DB-25 pin male, Centronics, and PS/2.
Win32_PortResource Represents an I/O port on a Windows computer system.
Win32_Processor Represents a device capable of interpreting a sequence of machine instructions on a Windows computer system.
Win32_SCSIController Represents a small computer system interface (SCSI) controller on a Windows system.
Win32_SCSIControllerDevice Relates a SCSI controller and the logical device (disk drive) connected to it.
Win32_SerialPort Represents a serial port on a Windows system.
Win32_SerialPortConfiguration Represents the settings for data transmission on a Windows serial port.
Win32_SerialPortSetting Relates a serial port and its configuration settings.
Win32_SMBIOSMemory Represents the capabilities and management of memory-related logical devices.
Win32_SoundDevice Represents the properties of a sound device on a Windows computer system.
Win32_SystemBIOS Relates a computer system (including data such as startup properties, time zones, boot configurations, or administrative passwords) and a system BIOS (services, languages, system management properties).
Win32_SystemDriverPNPEntity Relates a Plug and Play device on the Windows computer system and the driver that supports the Plug and Play device.
Win32_SystemEnclosure Represents the properties associated with a physical system enclosure.
Win32_SystemMemoryResource Represents a system memory resource on a Windows system.
Win32_SystemSlot Represents physical connection points including ports, motherboard slots and peripherals, and proprietary connections points.
Win32_USBController Manages the capabilities of a universal serial bus (USB) controller.
Win32_USBControllerDevice Relates a USB controller and the CIM_LogicalDevice instances connected to it.
Win32_USBHub Represents the management characteristics of a USB hub.

Networking Device Classes

The Networking Devices subcategory groups classes that represent the network interface controller, its configurations, and its settings.

Class Description
Win32_NetworkAdapter Represents a network adapter on a Windows system.
Win32_NetworkAdapterConfiguration Represents the attributes and beha viors of a network adapter. The class is not guaranteed to be supported after the ratification of the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) CIM network specification.
Win32_NetworkAdapterSetting Relates a network adapter and its configuration settings.

Power Classes

The Power subcategory groups classes that represent power supplies, batteries, and events related to these devices.

Class Description
Win32_AssociatedBattery Relates a logical device and the battery it is using.
Win32_Battery Represents a battery connected to the computer system.
Win32_CurrentProbe Represents the properties of a current monitoring sensor (ammeter).
Win32_PortableBattery Represents the properties of a portable battery, such as one used for a notebook computer.
Win32_PowerManagementEvent Represents power management events resulting from power state changes.
Win32_UninterruptiblePowerSupply Represents the capabilities and management capacity of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
Win32_VoltageProbe Represents the properties of a voltage sensor (electronic voltmeter).

Printing Classes

The Printing subcategory groups classes that represent printers, printer configurations, and print jobs.

Class Description
Win32_DriverForDevice Relates a printer to a printer driver.
Win32_Printer Represents a device connected to a Windows computer system that is capable of reproducing a visual image on a medium.
Win32_PrinterConfiguration Defines the configuration for a printer device.
Win32_PrinterController Relates a printer and the local device to which the printer is connected.
Win32_PrinterDriver Represents the drivers for a Win32_Printer instance.
Win32_PrinterDriverDll Relates a local printer and its driver file (not the driver itself).
Win32_PrinterSetting Relates a printer and its configuration settings.
Win32_PrintJob Represents a print job generated by a Windows application.
Win32_TCPIPPrinterPort Represents a TCP/IP service access point.

Telephony Classes

The Telephony subcategory groups classes that represent plain old telephone modem devices and their associated serial connections.

Class Description
Win32_POTSModem Represents the services and characteristics of a Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) modem on a Windows system.
Win32_POTSModemToSerialPort Relates a modem and the serial port the modem uses.

Video and Monitor Classes

The Video and Monitors subcategory groups classes that represent monitors, video cards, and their associated settings.

Class Description
Win32_DesktopMonitor Represents the type of monitor or display device attached to the computer system.
Win32_DisplayConfiguration Represents configuration information for the display device on a Windows system. This class is obsolete. In place of this class, use the properties in the Win32_VideoController, Win32_DesktopMonitor, and CIM_VideoControllerResolution classes.
Win32_DisplayControllerConfiguration Represents the video adapter configuration information of a Windows system. This class is obsolete. In place of this class, use the properties in the Win32_VideoController, Win32_DesktopMonitor, and CIM_VideoControllerResolution classes.
Win32_VideoConfiguration This class has been eliminated from Windows XP and later; attempts to use it will generate a fatal error. In place of this class, use the properties contained in the Win32_VideoController, Win32_DesktopMonitor, and CIM_VideoControllerResolution classes.
Win32_VideoController Represents the capabilities and management capacity of the video controller on a Windows computer system.
Win32_VideoSettings Relates a video controller and video settings that can be applied to it.

当然，每个 Win32_ 类都有自身的数据结构。例如，显卡和声卡类的定义如下：

显卡

class Win32_VideoController : CIM_PCVideoController
{
uint16 AcceleratorCapabilities[];
string AdapterCompatibility;
string AdapterDACType;
uint32 AdapterRAM;
uint16 A vailability;
string CapabilityDescriptions[];
string Caption;
uint32 ColorTableEntries;
uint32 ConfigManagerErrorCode;
boolean ConfigManagerUserConfig;
string CreationClassName;
uint32 CurrentBitsPerPixel;
uint32 CurrentHorizontalResolution;
uint64 CurrentNumberOfColors;
uint32 CurrentNumberOfColumns;
uint32 CurrentNumberOfRows;
uint32 CurrentRefreshRate;
uint16 CurrentScanMode;
uint32 CurrentVerticalResolution;
string Description;
string DeviceID;
uint32 DeviceSpecificPens;
uint32 DitherType;
datetime DriverDate;
string DriverVersion;
boolean ErrorCleared;
string ErrorDescription;
uint32 ICMIntent;
uint32 ICMMethod;
string InfFilename;
string InfSection;
datetime InstallDate;
string InstalledDisplayDrivers;
uint32 LastErrorCode;
uint32 MaxMemorySupported;
uint32 MaxNumberControlled;
uint32 MaxRefreshRate;
uint32 MinRefreshRate;
boolean Monochrome;
string Name;
uint16 NumberOfColorPlanes;
uint32 NumberOfVideoPages;
string PNPDeviceID;
uint16 PowerManagementCapabilities[];
boolean PowerManagementSupported;
uint16 ProtocolSupported;
uint32 ReservedSystemPaletteEntries;
uint32 SpecificationVersion;
string Status;
uint16 StatusInfo;
string SystemCreationClassName;
string SystemName;
uint32 SystemPaletteEntries;
datetime TimeOfLastReset;
uint16 VideoArchitecture;
uint16 VideoMemoryType;
uint16 VideoMode;
string VideoModeDescription;
string VideoProcessor;
};

声卡等

class Win32_SoundDevice : CIM_LogicalDevice
{
uint16 A vailability;
string Caption;
uint32 ConfigManagerErrorCode;
boolean ConfigManagerUserConfig;
string CreationClassName;
string Description;
string DeviceID;
uint16 DMABufferSize;
boolean ErrorCleared;
string ErrorDescription;
datetime InstallDate;
uint32 LastErrorCode;
string Manufacturer;
uint32 MPU401Address;
string Name;
string PNPDeviceID;
uint16 PowerManagementCapabilities[];
boolean PowerManagementSupported;
string ProductName;
string Status;
uint16 StatusInfo;
string SystemCreationClassName;
string SystemName;
};

class Win32_PrintJob : CIM_Job
{
string Caption;
string DataType;
string Description;
string Document;
string DriverName;
datetime ElapsedTime;
string HostPrintQueue;
datetime InstallDate;
uint32 JobId;
string JobStatus;
string Name;
string Notify;
string Owner;
uint32 PagesPrinted;
string Parameters;
string PrintProcessor;
uint32 Priority;
uint32 Size;
datetime StartTime;
string Status;
uint32 StatusMask;
datetime TimeSubmitted;
uint32 TotalPages;
datetime UntilTime;
};

比如通过以下代码：

Set wmiObjSet = GetObject(winmgmts:{impersonationLevel=impersonate}). _
InstancesOf(Win32_PrintJob)

就可以获取到打印任务列表等信息。

总的来说，对于 VB 开发者而言，过去获取系统硬件和软件信息往往需要调用复杂的 API。而现在，借助 WMI，这个过程变得非常直接和高效。无论是读取驱动器信息、显卡参数，还是获取共享资源，WMI 都提供了一种统一且简洁的解决方案。